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plant virus
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants. While this article does not intend to list all plant viruses, it discusses some important viruses as well as their uses in plant molecular biology.
== Overview ==
Although plant viruses are not nearly as well understood as the animal counterparts, one plant virus has become iconic. The first virus to be discovered (see below) was ''Tobacco mosaic virus'' (TMV). This and other viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion loss in crop yields worldwide each year. Plant viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families. However, these figures relate only to cultivated plants that represent only a tiny fraction of the total number of plant species. Viruses in wild plants have been poorly studied, but those studies that exist almost overwhelming show that such interactions between wild plants and their viruses do not appear to cause disease in the host plants. 〔 'Roossinck, M. J. (2011). The good viruses: viral mutualistic symbioses . Nature Reviews Microbiology, 9, 99–108 DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2491〕
To transmit from one plant to another and from one plant cell to another, plant viruses must use strategies that are usually different from animal viruses. Plants do not move, and so plant-to-plant transmission usually involves vectors (such as insects). Plant cells are surrounded by solid cell walls, therefore transport through plasmodesmata is the preferred path for virions to move between plant cells. Plants probably have specialized mechanisms for transporting mRNAs through plasmodesmata, and these mechanisms are thought to be used by RNA viruses to spread from one cell to another.〔Oparka KJ and Alison GR, ''Plasmodesmata. A Not So Open-and-Shut Case''. Plant Physiology, Jan. 2001, Vol. 125, pp 123-126〕
Plant defenses against viral infection include, among other measures, the use of siRNA in response to dsRNA.〔 () Chapter 7: Control of Gene Expression, pp 451–452.〕 Most plant viruses encode a protein to suppress this response.〔 PMID 17693253〕 Plants also reduce transport through plasmodesmata in response to injury.〔
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